6v Sealed Lead Acid Battery Charger Circuit

90 years of Law at Catholic University

90 years of law at Catholic University

FRANCISCO JOSE DEL SOLAR Lawyer
PUCP and U. Central de Venezuela (UCV)
Graduate in Law, History and Communication Sciences
Professor of History of Law in
UIGV
The Faculty of Law at the Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru (PUCP) began operations on April 29 1919, with a small group of 20 students in the classrooms of the old premises of the Colegio de la Recoleta, Plaza Francia. Originally, his name was of Arts and Jurisprudence, approved by Supreme Resolution of 24 March 1917, date of creation of the University. In 1936, vacancies rose to number 50 and the Faculty was divided into two: 1. Letters, and 2. Law and Political Science. The latter, in 1956, was established in the Law School.
In 1947, during the deanship of the illustrious patriot and lawyer Victor Andrés Belaunde Diez Canseco (Arequipa 1883-New York, USA, 1966), the School moved to the colonial mansion of Lártiga-Casa Riva Aguero, at the center Lima (Jr. Camaná No. 459, current site of the Riva-Agüero) until October 3, 1974, the day the powerful earthquake that struck our capital. After a brief recess, the Faculty or Academic Program Law moved into classrooms donated by other academic programs and some temporary facilities in University City Fundo Pando. LAW AND REVOLUTION


Jorge Avendaño Valdez was dean of the Faculty of Law from 1964 until 1970. Year in which by order of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces, the "Powers and deans" were renamed "Academic Programs and directors." In this situation, Avendaño also was director of the Academic Program of law to fulfill its mandate of six years. At the end of it, he was elected Pro-Chancellor of the University, while Felipe Osterling Parodi, on 12/14/1970, with the unanimous vote of the teachers took over the direction of the program, to be subsequently ratified by the Assembly University.
was a difficult and complicated because in 1968, with the coup constitutional President Fernando Belaunde Terry, the so-called Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces who led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, began "a process of change" trampling the order legal and legal-constitutional and that the true well-trained jurists and lawyers could not support. And PUCP, in general, and the Faculty of Law, in particular, could boast the membership of them, which we sumábamos most students.
On 03/10/1968, we met students from the faculties of Law and Arts and Humanities, in the latter's local (In Plaza Francia), to protest in our university for the constitutional violation and senseless legicidio. More or less were a number of 300. The police, in charge always do the dirty work of dictators, with a tank toppled the old gate of the academic unit and are violently ejected into the streets. We had no other way to face manfully, because "When they close the doors are opened legality of violence." (See Law No. 207 of 07.15.2008, p. 3). REFORM


Nevertheless, the University continued to function normally. Law was done on "education reform of law. "Process started during the administration of Jorge Avendaño Valdez. Fewer words words, was to give an efficient and effective theoretical and practical instruction in the legal field, in order to reduce the distance between the study of law-law, doctrine, jurisprudence and practice, and its application and either the due process or legal advice to legal and natural persons.
In fact, teachers themselves, especially young people, spoke of a mismatch between theory and practice of legal education then. In other words, a bookish education lacking or with very little practical application for good practice of the profession. To this add the feature had to be feathered Peruvian legislation since 1904 to then, had been enacted more than 20 thousand laws, giving effect to this Latin aphorism Francis Bacon: "How many laws, many rules" (Quot leges, regular tot).
To undertake such a great task was developed "a new conception of law", "A New Curriculum", "new course content," "new driving techniques in class", "reform of the rating system and granting of degrees "and reorganization of the faculty" etc.
With this new vision and mission with the support of the Ford Foundation entered into an agreement with the University of Wisconsin, United States of America. It would train teachers in developing new methodology and teaching materials. Gradually, a total of 15 teachers held an internship at the university. Returning after his new group, students identify them with the nickname of the "Wisconsin Boys."
Indeed, some made big contributions to the understanding and identification with the students, thus making highly beneficial reform. They along with other former teachers became teachers unforgettable and best friends because we were taught to think legally and set aside the odious mnemonic number of laws and proposals of articles and treatises and case law contradictory and impossible to understand the multiple meanings-many or in which we incur with great ease lawyers. That is, with great unselfishness, generosity and tolerance formed us to observe, analyze, interpret and comment. In contrast, others were so negative that created resistance and even rejection by their students and itching stubbornly believe intellectually privileged to have passed through the halls of the renowned and prestigious Wisconsin University.
parallel with this grim reality, it generated a more severe rejection These and other teachers who completed both measures of force by some students as the university authority, with honesty, is not relevant to recall. This, especially, because it was the fruit of youth, inexperience and intolerance. Fortunately, the water level again after some self-analysis and corrections that improved relations in the complex process of teaching and learning within the constructivist framework. Thus, the Faculty of Law PUCP was at the forefront of the teaching of law is not only the country but also in Latin America.
In 1970, the Academic Program of 329 registered law students enrolled and distributed as follows: 102 in first year, 51 second, 61 in third, 57 fourth and 58 in fifth. He resigned the secretary Juan Armando Lengua Balbi and was replaced by Alfredo Lopez-Alfaro Ostoja. Constitutional law professor Jose Pareja Paz Soldan was appointed ambassador of Peru in Denmark. The promotion was graduated teacher's name "Roberto Mac Lean Ugarteche."
By 1971 significantly increased the number of students: 415. 489 enrolled in 1974 and graduated 120 students, divided into two classes. One bore the name "Enrique Normand Sparks" and another the "Juan Armando Lengua Balbi."

TEACHERS UNFORGETTABLE
Among many others, in alphabetical order, remember Alzamora Valdez, Mario; Arce Murua, Juan; Avendaño Hubner, Jorge; Avendaño Valdez, Jorge; Avendaño Valdez, Juan Luis; Cornejo Chávez, Hector De Althaus Guarderas, Miguel Espinoza Villanueva, Carlos; Ferrero Rebagliati, Raúl; Figallo Adrianzén, Guillermo, Garcia Belaunde, Domingo Czech Gulman, Guillermo; Leon Barandiaran, Joseph Ugarteche MacLean, Roberto; Medrano Cornejo, Humberto; Normand Sparks Enrique; Osterling Parodi, Felipe; Pasco Cosmopolis, Mario; Pearl Velaochoga, Ernesto; Quispe Correa, Alfredo; Velaochoga Miranda, Guillermo, Rodriguez Pastor, Carlos, Vidal Ramírez, Fernando and Zolezzi Ibarcena, Lorenzo.
certainly before and after three or four years that we review and there were distinguished professors who gave and give their best to make this law school is the best in the country. Many students today are the outstanding professors at his alma mater. Suffice it to name the current president of the PUCP, Marcial Rubio Correa, who always stood out as one of the brightest students of law, and now occupies a privileged place as eminent constitutionalist.

MAGAZINE: Right
was founded in 1944 by Dr. Javier Kiefer-Marchand, secretary of the Faculty, and with Hugo Piaggio, exercised the direction of the newly published until 1949. With unmatched effort, Kiefer-Marchand was devoted to publish annually until 1967, which relinquished the position. In 1968, Law was restructured in format and content. Incidentally, in parallel, in 1965, a group of students from the School, founded Themis magazine, among them Domingo García Belaunde and his fellow students and Jaime Rossello Kresalja Baldo Leon Thorne, who later created the Law Association Themis. Notably, the last of these funded from his own pocket the first editions of this important publication that evoked the name of the "Goddess of Justice." (Vid. Law No. 207 of 15.07.2008, p. 6).
Well, the Academic Program Management Law and the directors of the student association decided to merge the two publications in a single organ of expression, in the belief that college is a community of learners and teachers, agreeing to preserve the name of law for the next stage of the Journal of the Faculty. This was the magazine we would read avidly and religiously.
Law Today magazine is published promptly by the Publishing Fund PUCP efficiently directed by Mrs. Patricia Arévalo Majluf (Vid. Law N ° s 146, 147 and 188 of 05.22.2007 and 15 and 4-03 - 2008, respectively, p. 8). In 1989 College students publish the magazine "Law and Society", and in 1990, do the same with "Ius et Veritas."

LAW IN PANDO FUNDO
If it is true that the School was transferred from the earthquake due to the Fundo Pando, in 1974, as we have noted, it is also true that he had to take several years to contain its own facilities and appropriate . Indeed, it was during the second dean of Jorge Avendaño Valdez when it began construction of new facilities including the auditorium. The classrooms were opened in 1988 and the following year the spacious and comfortable auditorium for 350 people. FULL STORY


personally do not know yet no comprehensive history of our beloved and remembered Faculty. Some years ago, we talked to our good friend and colleague Teodoro Hampe Martínez, renowned historian, who was commissioned to write one, however, for reasons unknown, this arduous and complex task remained unfinished. Consequently, we still lack this record. However, he has published several articles as "A Brief History of the Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru," in Synopsis, Year 8, No. 2 (1988), "Academic Life in the Faculty of Law: seventy years of history (1917 - 1987), "Part 1 and 2, Themis, 2 Times, 1988, in numbers 12 and 13. And finally, an interview with Professor William Velaochoga Miranda, Compass, PUCP, Year 1, No. 1 (2000). Notwithstanding
pointed out, recently, we said another historian, colleague and best friend, Carlos Augusto Ramos Nuñez, he is devoting to write the required history of our Faculty, which, no doubt, from discount and high quality, both in form and content of the work he is preparing. This is because, its historical and legal papers submitted do not have any precedent in our national legal history. The proof of this assertion, is in the History of Republican Civil Law, published in six volumes by the Fund Editorial PUCP, and also in the history of the Supreme Court of the Republic has recently circulated on the Judiciary.
Finally, therefore, look forward this story to remember 90 years of the Faculty of Law PUCP, and also return to live with the thought of extra years spent studying, analyzing and interpreting the Constitution of 1933, codes, laws and case law now repealed, however, the important thing was that we were taught the method and systems for doing so. Hence, we have been easier to analyze and interpret efficiently and effectively produced new legal order after years 70. Reason enough to reject the notorious name of "operator of law", as the success of the true lawyer is in good education, better analysis and excellent interpretation of the Constitution, laws and jurisprudence, highly intellectual work to creative and speculative-philosophical and logical, which is far from being a simple and simple implementations of the standard, that is, the operator, which acts mechanically without reason nor more intellectual effort.

POSITIVISM-vs-NATURAL LAW
not forget that the legal positivism that falls outside the fair, morals, values \u200b\u200band fundamental rights the man is being beaten by the neo-natural law that precisely what privileges Von Savigny, Kelsen and others never wanted to understand and less accepting. Recall that we also learned in Catholic Theology and Ethics Coroner, and many of those unforgettable teachers instilled in us values \u200b\u200band principles to be better, to defend just causes to fight for justice, freedom and democracy. Let us keep in mind this special comprehensive training that is doing great at our institution in its 90 years of life.

Prints How To Build A Fireplace

Peruvian Civil Code of 1984

Peruvian Civil Code of 1984
FRANCISCO JOSE DEL SOLAR

Lawyer PUCP and U. Central de Venezuela (UCV)
Graduate in Law, History and Communication Sciences
Professor, Faculty of Law

UIGV
civil law change more slowly than the criminal law or the commercial. After the Constitution, Civil Code (CC) is the most important legislative body of every nation-state. The history of the Peruvian legal system records up to now three civil codes: 1852, 1936 and 1984. The first two, little or nothing to say since the long and brilliant work of iushistoriador Arequipa, Carlos Augusto Ramos Núñez. He discusses at length in his excellent book History of Civil Peruano, nineteenth and twentieth centuries, published in 6 volumes by the Fund Editorial PUCP.


Review Commission, 1936 The CC was changed constantly over a long period, as new rights were created, new institutions were legalized and regulated civil relations unthinkable. Hence, by Supreme Decree No. 95 of 03.01.1965, the review commission was appointed to this body of law. Substantial changes process lasted 19 years until 07/24/1984, the date of enactment of the new Civil Code of 1984, it entered into force on 14 November of that year.
Review Commission in 1965 was appointed the first government of President Fernando Belaunde Terry (1963-1968). The Minister of Justice, Carlos Sessarego Fernández, presided in his capacity as holder of the Sector, joining later, as a member of it. The members were the supreme vocal Alberto Eguren Bresani and jurists Jose Leon Barandiaran, Felix Navarro Irvine, Romulo E. Lanatta Guilhem, Jorge Vega García, Jorge Castañeda Eugene Peralta, Héctor Cornejo Chávez, Max Arias-Schreiber Pezet and Bielich Ismael Florez.
In the course of time, the committee was enlarged. Joined Jorge Avendaño Valdez and Manuel Garcia-Calderon Koechlin, who when accessing a supreme Investigation Board was replaced by Felipe Osterling Parodi known lawyer in 1971. They were subsequently appointed new members, Macedo Oscar Lopez, Ezzie Parodi Marone, Fernando Trazegnies Granda, Fernando Vidal Ramírez, Lucrecia Maish Portocarrero von Humboldt and Manuel de la Puente y Lavalle. The first two were never incorporated.
Finally, outstanding young lawyers were invited to belong to the committee: Victor M. Villavicencio Cuneo, Delia Revoredo Marsano, Jorge Vega Velasco, Carlos Cardenas Quiroz, Susan Zusman Tinman, Jorge Muñiz Ziche and Rossello Rafael de la Puente. NEW CODE


The primordial review committee concluded that the best thing was to develop a new Civil Code prior to reform and modernize, 1936 given that lose organicity, unity and coherence. And it was. This arduous task avocado commissioners, who initially had structured their proposals under the 1933 Constitution, however, in the interim of their work had to adapt themselves to the new Constitution of 1979.
With the advent of democracy, Belaunde Terry was elected president in 1980. In his second term (1980-1985), placed special emphasis on completing this work coding. In this context, the committee was chaired by Osterling Parodi when he was appointed Minister of Justice. He accounted for presenting the draft Civil Code to the President Congress, on 15/07/1981, at a special ceremony at the Supreme Court of the Republic, at the time, headed by Alvaro Chocano Marina.
was how the Legislature empowered the Executive to enact by D. Legislative new Civil Code, before 28/07/1985, under Law No. 23403 of 05/13/1982. Mandated by this law, appointed the review committee of Congress, a task that fell to the Senators Javier Alva Orlandini, as president, Roger Cáceres Velásquez and Edmundo Haya de la Torre, in the members Ricardo Castro Becerra, Roberto Ramirez Zamalloa Rodolfo del Villar and Loayza, and attorneys representing the Ministry of Justice: Cesar Fernandez Arce, Guillermo Miranda and Jack Velaochaga Chrem Biggio. ENACTMENT OF THE CODE


The third civil code in our national history of the codification was promulgated by D. Leg. N º 295 of 07.24.1984, issued by President Belaunde Terry and his attorney Max Arias-Schreiber Pezet, a prominent attorney who was determined to make this body of law, to find practical solutions to the differences arising between members reforming the committee on the review committee, subtle distinction made by the lawyer Vidal Ramírez. Entered into force on 11.14.1984, and is currently governed us.
The CC 1984 is of personal nature, unlike the previous two (1852 and 1936) which are patrimonial. You have 2122 articles are preceded by a preliminary section with X numerals. Was prepared under the light of the 1979 Constitution. Its main "sources" were also of the various projects of the committees of both the reformer and the reviewer, the 1979 Constitution and the Civil Code of 1936. Of foreign origin, mainly the Italian Civil Code of 1942 and others, like the Portuguese in 1967 and Bolivia 1976. Suggested
REFORM

Like any human endeavor can be improved by Law N º 26394 of 16/11/1994, a committee was appointed CC reformer 1984, to update the globalized world and, particularly, to align it with the 1993 Constitution.
The commission was amended by Law No. 26673 of 10/14/1996. The new review group discussed whether the corpus legum reform or develops a new one. The problem is greatest in the Code of 1984, when he questioned the legal-political essence of the Charter of 1993, it was already clear that was the result of a political situation circumstantial, in the words of Vidal Ramirez, who believes that they are not given the conditions for a total reform of this body of law, but in any case, in part, only to save flaws and imperfections without affecting the cohesion that has the CC 1984. While, doctrinally, is of the view of doing the new codes.
This committee is chaired by reforming and composed Valdez Avendaño Vidal Ramirez, Marcial Rubio Correa, Javier de Belaunde Lopez de Romana, Augusto Ferrero Costa, Guillermo Luca de Tena Lohman, Delia Revoredo Marsano de Mur, Enrique Varsi Rospigliosi, Forno Hugo Florez Quirós and Juan Carlos Cárdenas Espinoza Espinoza, and presented to the public a draft new Title XII Preview with numerals. It privileges the custom as a source of law after the legal regulations and case law places the third, working with the same precision and predictability of law in the Roman-Germanic legal system.
On the other hand, in the implementation and substance of the law places the "general principles of law," the "doctrine of the authors", the "analogy" and other types of argumentation. Also stresses the importance of "good faith", etc.

Osterling Parodi AND CASTLE FREYRE
Legal In an interview with the illustrious teacher and lawyer Felipe Osterling Parodi CC came to the defense of 1984, saying "do not blame the DC economy evil" (No. 25, 21/12/2004). Similarly, the prominent professor of law, Mario Castillo Freyre, wrote brainy articles in this supplement, highlighting the failures of the new Title Preliminary draft presented by the reform commission, saying it was not urgent or necessary (N ° s 43 and 44, 26-04 and 3 - 05-2005, respectively). Also, this conspicuous jurist, among others, stood as one of the most illustrious defenders of the current CC (Vid. Law N ° s 20 and 23, 16-11 and 12.7.2004 respectively).

2000 Nissan Xterra Roof Rack

information of terrorist violence as a factor generating more terrorist violence

information of terrorist violence as a factor generating more terrorist violence
(Posted in Law No. 277 of November 17, 2009). JOSÉ FRANCISCO

THE SOLAR
Lawyer PUCP and U. Central de Venezuela (UCV). Criminologist
. Master in Criminal Science. Journalist
Graduate Center of Advanced Military Studies Professor at the UIGV



terrorist violence certainly caused a deep political crisis, economic and social development in Peru for two decades, from 1980 to 2000. However, in the first (1980-1990), there were the most bloody and devastating events were accompanied, unfortunately, by an intensive information campaign journalism that, indeed, failed to live up to this difficult situation, becoming On the contrary, an important factor generating more violence.

CRISIS AND INFORMATION
VIOLENCE Violence was generated by both the Communist Party of Peru, called Sendero Luminoso (SL) and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA). This escalation of violence began on May 17, 1980, in the district of Chuschis, Ayacucho, with the burning of ballot boxes elections called by the military government of General Francisco Morales-Bermúdez Cerruti, to return to democracy and hand over power the candidate who the people chose. There were two candidates with greater choice, the Popular Action (Fernando Belaunde Terry) and (APRA Armando Villanueva del Campo). Weeks later, SL attributed to the fact and started a fire in the deep gorges of the Andes. Massacred both communal and district authorities as defenseless peasants. Lima
paid no more attention to these facts. The Interior Minister, José María de la Jara and Ureta blamed the cattle rustlers made while the senior director of the Civil Guard, Lieutenant General John Balaguer GC Morales, spoke of a political plan of the ultra left. This undoubtedly led to the separation of high official position he held, being replaced by Lieutenant General GC Catter Humberto Arredondo, who showed permeability to the minister and confirmed what he had said. In sum, while government policy was to minimize the actions "subversive" walkers intensified its violent action and went on to commit the crime of terrorism. The example is in the atavistic terrorist attack led by the Lagos Gloria Edith Sáenz, at Christmas 1980. Our legislation is not criminalized, so the government passed the D. Legislative N ° 046 of 03/10/1981. Immediately after creating the Anti-Terrorism (DIRCOTE) as a specialized body of the Investigative Police of Peru (PIP)
As the situation worsened and the national press began to deal with internal problems, exposing the bloody events criminal and indifference by the government, he was forced to declare a "State of Emergency" in the departments of Ayacucho, Apurimac and Huancavelica, under Article 231 of the Constitution of 1979 and order "to maintain order internal "to the Armed Forces, Quine took it in December 1982. In late January 1983, eight journalists fall Uchuruccay, news went around the world. Consequently, the field was already turned on and began to burn steadily. The front pages of newspapers and magazines as well as "flashes" of radio and TV., Were stained with blood, fire, tears, attacks, kidnappings and persecution, perhaps engendering more violence (intended purpose of terrorism), both terrorist offenders as bad or wrong in some members of law enforcement (perhaps in self-defense or revenge), and the Peruvian people resigned accepted what is called the "Culture of the blackout and curfew."
Moreover, the government responded by criminalizing the offense of "glorification of terrorism" to which this amended and incorporated in Article 288 "D" of the Penal Code. Later, in an effort to provide viable and procedurally constitutional guarantees to citizens the President Belaunde enacted the Law of Habeas Corpus and Amparo Act (Law No. 23,506), the 8-12.1982. So we as a country lawyer and vice dean of the College of journalism is the defense of many colleagues who were unfairly and wrongly accused by the new crime of "glorification of terrorism."

RESEARCH
This grave situation, we were concerned since . Only after a reasonable time has elapsed, we decided to conduct a thorough scientific investigation of descriptive and explanatory level ex-post facto, with l in order to determine what were the root causes that generate media coverage reach more acts of terrorist violence. In order to be comprehensive, we review four theories of social sciences that have worked and are working with boldness the causes and consequences of violence, such as Criminology, Science Communication, Psychology and Sociology. It is obvious that these sciences since they began studying the phenomenon of violence pose were discordant. Let's see.
Criminology is true that the information gives a "determinant influence on, while the three next-Communication Science, psychology and sociology," notes that "influence is decisive." But also, the theory of communication provides the thesis that the influence is more on the receiver / audience in the media, which was a new approach to this study. Words
other words less, we decided to compare these theoretical approaches with empirical reality science investigation. This allowed us to verify that the media coverage was established in factor generating terrorist violence or may serve the media as a sounding board or stimulus intervening in the commission of acts of terrorist violence, given the partial successes in fight or political confrontation military and terrorist criminals then governments and law enforcement, in particular, and against the "bourgeois democratic system" in general, which they thought they could break down or destroy creating chaos and terror in society, in the State nation, to build a new one. Which obviously did not happen or could happen because the nation-state, read people, was solid and its security forces (armed forces and National Police) were still operative capability of war, total destruction of the enemy. This, obviously, if it had been necessary as a last resort to meet legitimate and legally in order to defend freedom, democracy, the Constitution and laws.


BASED RESEARCH Research on the one hand, was made on the news reports of terrorist violence in the major media in the period of 1980-1990, and on the other hand, were surveyed as 278 terrorists sample of a population of 1 000 subjects convicted of the crime now serving a sentence, now pardoned, now released after serving sentence. Also conducted a background interview some of them, especially to those recognized as major leaders.

anxious to know
We formulate then the following questions: Were they really the social media or mass media agents harmful to society?. Or was the kind of information, content or messages, which hurt the audience / receiver?. And in this sense, was it then possible that the information generated more terrorist violence terrorist violence?.
Obviously, get the answers to these concerns was not simple or easy task. Required, rather, on the one hand, a deep theoretical analysis and, on the other hand, the field research mentioned above. THEORIES


Violence has always been present in all or almost all revolutionary movements that have sought to reform the social, economic and political. Thus, violence is inherent to human nature and gives more or less in all social relations. It can only be influenced by the degree of socialization, says Philip RP MacGregor SJ, former rector of the PUCP and student of this problem.
On violence and terrorism there are many good research from multiple perspectives, both national and foreign authors. Among the former, for example, Gonzalo Portocarrero: Structural Violence: Sociology (1990), César Rodríguez Rabanal: structural violence: Psychoanalysis (1990), Gustavo Gorriti E: Path: History of ancient war in Peru (1991); Francisco Eguiguren P.: Structural Violence: Law (1990), María del Pilar Tello: Peru: the price of peace (1991 , etc.). Moreover, on the other hand, the Peruvian government was concerned by this phenomenon and in 2001 formed the Commission of Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), which was established to study, analyze and interpret the terrorist violence from 1980 to 2000.
other words Words least all agree that when the economic, social and political life of a nation-state is not viable the implementation of its citizens, there is structural violence, institutional and personnel overflow the legal limits and / or normal frustrations, committing crimes or misdemeanors, both those in power-government, as of the governed-the people-in a series of structures domination. "
CRIMINOLOGY

If violence is in man and can lead to crime, and also the degree of socialization to self-realization has a great influence on the commissions, then violence is also object of study in criminology. Moreover, while today it is accepted that criminology is an interdisciplinary social science and prominence its comprehensive approach BIO-Psychic-SOCIAL raised by the French criminologist and professor Jean Pinatel (1), so that criminologists have structured a criminological theory of violence as holding the Argentine Israelite origin criminologist, Israel Drapkin (2 ), it has been enriched with a multidisciplinary approach. Assessment which took into account to study, analyze and interpret the specific case of terrorist violence developed in Peru, in the tragic decade of the 80's.
The increase in criminal activities by terrorist groups, suggested to the authorities and public opinion was due to the wide and even excessive information of terrorist violence. To do this, some scholars dusted theories and approaches of journalism and propaganda, now grouped in the disciplines of Communication Sciences.
In fact, in this context, communication theory says that repetition of information (content or message) leads to action as the communications expert and professor says Venezuelan Hector Mujica. (3) This is dealt with when dealing with aspects of the media, which, as a species of communication, is to strengthen and expand the message by the issuer and ending with the adaptation (action) of the recipient / addressee in process communication. The spread is used in press campaigns for party propaganda, ideological or religious, for the advertisement for sale of goods or services and public relations to achieve the integration of common interests and complementary needs of man, the entity corporate and society.
If it is true that on terrorism in particular and violence in general has written extensively, both in Peru and abroad, the fact remains that very little or nothing has been investigated, and not published, on the information terrorist violence as a factor generating more terrorist violence. In this context, for example, how was propaganda used by terrorists?, how they used the information provided by them, What were the excessive use of terrorist violence information?, etc.
On the other hand, starting Pinatel study, we formulated the hypothesis of "criminal terrorist criminal personality", identifying it with the following characteristics: 1. Egocentrism. Believed to be the elected or want to be the center of attention. 2. Emotional indifference or moral insensitivity. Perversity. 3. Lability. Easily prone to fall or to pass the act criminal. 4. Aggressiveness. Large capacity innate violence and destruction. Criminal personality summarize Eila with the acronym. (4)

STIGMA OF THE PRESS
was the father of criminology, Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909), who originally "stigmatized the pernicious influence of the press" as Pinatel statement. (5) Indeed, Lombroso, said: "These excitations morbid, are now hundredfold increase those papers truly prodigious criminal who wet his pen in the most fetid corruption of the social ills and, in the only goal of a profit abject , excites unhealthy appetites and the most morbid curiosity of the lower social classes, and I compare them with those worms that come out of putrefaction, the further increase their presence. "(6) With him was" the origin of the traditional theory that implicates additional incentives to crime that result from certain media, "says Pinatel (7)
Thereafter, began the study of the press as criminogenic factor. Soon after, he was also incorporated into the film under the great development which held thanks to technological advances. Within these parameters, in 1918, the famous American criminologist Maurice Parmelee, Ph. D., professor in philosophy and major universities in the country, said in his work entitled Criminology on " influence of tabloid newspapers in the so-called yellow, the propensity for crime alerts that provide for criminal acts. "(8)
these statements were also echoed in Peru, now accepted or rejected. In the first approach were, among others, Manuel Prada González-Ulloa, Francisco García Calderón Rey and the famous criminal lawyer and criminologist Mimbela Eduardo de los Santos, who sustained: "It is undeniable that the theory of imitation are truths almost Evening absolute relation to the crime. Hence, factors such as film and media criminology have significant impact on the offense. All Quiet on the offense was imitated or copied by other criminals. "(9) In the second, lies the San Marcos professor and criminologist Oscar Miró Quesada of the war, saying that the press only exerted some influence on the predisposition of man to commit crime, however, the incidence was very "little thing" as the criminologist said after Stephan Hurwitz, a professor at the University of Copenhagen in his powerful study, "La presse et la criminalité." (10)
Therefore, until end of the 70 positions had two issue or found: 1. The direct cause, which is traditional and part with Lombroso and has continued to assert itself information that violence is a criminogenic factor, which acceded Pinatel, Drapkin, Joseph Klapper, Albert Bandura, Leonard Berkowitz, Jean Chazal, Jose Lopez Riocerezo; Armand Mattelari, Herbert Schiller, Fernando Tocora, among others. 2. The cathartic action, based on psychoanalytic theory that defends the position that information only produces more violence cathartic effect (release) and no generator of violence.
But then came a third ethical. 3. The responsibility, which requires ethical behavior from the press or media information violent content, preservation of function or purpose thereof. Was supported by the Jesuit priest Tony Mifsud, SJ, in his study "The media (or conflict? Social." Coming from Reality, is a self, I argue that held him responsible press interested in "promoting and maintain compliance with high ethical standards which invariably should regulate the national press, "according to the principles of the Peruvian Press Council (11).

communication technology
While it is true that in the late eighteenth century, British jurist and politician Edmund Burke called the press "fourth power" it is also true that this power is continuing and has been studying the theory of communication.
was called "Chicago School" was originally promoted by the communicator Paul F. Lazarsfeld, who gave consistency to the group of empirical research in the Bureau of Applied Social Research at Columbia University and strengthened the Mass Communication Research. The consolidated Professor Wilber Schram, who provided the communication process (a source, a message and a destination) and the existence of feedback or feed-back. In 1956 he was determined that the influence of mass media was not so decisive in accordance with the results of the study by sociologist U.S. and broadcaster Dennis Mc Quail (12)
On the other hand, Germany had emerged the "Frankfurt School" with Theodor Adorno and Herbert Marcuse and subsequently incorporated Jürgen Habermas. She was devoted to study mass communication or mass and concluded that the mass media served to alienate the man to encourage the culture industry, and advertising propaganda for consumerism of ideas and products, respectively. Concluding that there was influence of the communication behavior of the receiver.
Faced with these two opposing positions emerged third made by the social psychologist Melvin De Fleur, who sustainability in two theories: 1. Of individual differences, noting that all human beings are different according to our psychological makeup, taking into account the "level of attention and perception." 2. Cultural norms, stating that "individual behavior is usually guided by cultural norms (or actor prints of what are the rules) for an idea or situation." (13)
In particular, De Fleur concluded that "the media can influence" in the audience that is not uniform and can be manipulated or influenced in terms of individual differences and cultural norms in the following aspects: i) reinforce existing patterns, ii) create new shared convictions about lesser-known songs by the receiver, and iii) Change existing standards when they are not well established. Without doubt it was decisive to the extent that information dissemination becomes consistently generating the changes sought by the issuer to varying degrees in the receiver according to his intellectual and moral quality, having both the advantages of communication technology: the issuer has favor the impact and replication, while the receiver has the zaping and variety of programs.

PSYCHOLOGY OF VIOLENCE
To formulate a psychological theory of violence has had on human aggression, personality and the causes of their achievement. As for the psychological theories of human aggression, as writers John Darley, Sam Glucksberg and Ronald Kinchla, "originally part of theories of learning and conditioning. They were then extended by the prospect of Albert Bandura's social learning and others who recognized that many of the aggressive acts are learned through observation. "(14)
Indeed, Bandura provided valuable research with the existence of observational learning and has therefore been included in the "theory of direct cause" of the influence of press as a criminogenic factor or generator of violence in Criminology, as the eminent criminologist says professor Alejandro Solis Espinoza. (15) However, there are other positions, however, the truth is that reality has given reason to Bandura, especially when one's "communication theory" gives such importance to the media. SOCIOLOGY AND VIOLENCE


is no doubt that sociology is to study the social reality. And this is to explain the nature and relationships that it creates. It calls for a description and analysis to understand social reality. On the subject of the influence of information there are many theories, however, in short, sociologists of the media have found that "the spread of mass media is highly correlated with various indices of development: literacy, urbanization, per capita income, etc ... that in developed countries there is a close relationship between mass media use and attitudes, behavior, and the information held about social change ", says Mark Quail. (16)


RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The overall objective was to assess the media coverage generated terrorist violence during the years 1980 to 1990. Specific objectives
were: i) establish whether the review of facts apologetic influenced the amount of terrorist violence from 1980 to 1990. ii) establish whether the side effects of apologetic actions influenced the amount of news on terrorist violence in the period. iii) establish whether the content analysis of the various acts of terrorist violence adversely affected the media during the years 1980 to 1990. iv) Whether the information of terrorist violence exerted a major media in the media during the years 1980 to 1990. v) Determine whether the backlash of State influence information on terrorist activities through the mass media were not the cause or origin of the increase during the years 1980 to 1990. CONCLUSIONS


1. It was established that the review of facts apologetic influenced the amount of terrorist violence from 1980 to 1990.
2. It was established that the side effects of apologetic actions influenced the amount of news about the terrorist violence of the years 1980 to 1990. 3. It was determined that the content analysis of the various acts of terrorist violence adversely affected the media during the years 1980 to 1990.
4. It was determined that the factual information of terrorist violence in media exerted a major media during the years 1980 to 1990.
5. It was established that the violent reaction of the State influenced the information of terrorist activities through the mass media, however, were not the cause or origin of the increase in violent acts during the years 1980 to 1990.
Finally, as a general conclusion, it was established that the media coverage was established in generating factor of more terrorist violence during the years 1980 to 1990.


RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Promote and achieve an agreement between the owners and / or directors of the media to set limits on the information on terrorist violence or not, control or censorship by clearly marked in codes of ethics, with the main purpose to avoid being sounding boards for illegal acts that give any importance or prominence to the authors, to instil terror , plunged in anxiety or create instability in certain orders, political, economic and / or social. In this vein, including the alarming economic information generated and is classified as economic terrorism.
2. Tending to raise the cultural levels of the popular segments C, D and E, in order to enrich their individual differences and have greater social self with strong ethical and moral formation, rich in values, such as the cult of truth, responsibility, fairness and solidarity, allowing them to reject and repudiate violence information and, consequently, the acts of terrorist violence. This will create a culture for peace, which can be enhanced by feelings of solidarity and social justice. ----------------

(1) Pinatel, Jean. Criminology, Volume III in the Treaty on Criminal Law and Criminology and Jean Pierre Bouzat Pinatel, second edition, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Faculty of Law, Caracas, 1974, 761 pp.
(2) Drapkin, Israel. Criminology of Violence, Ediciones Depalma, Buenos Aires, 1984, 138 pp.
(3) Mujica, Héctor. The Empire of the news. Caracas. Editions of the Library of the Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1967. p. 29.
(4) DEL SOLAR, José Francisco. "Criminology and terrorism" in the Journal of the Forum, the CAL-Year LXXIV No. 2, July-December 1987.pp. 169-186.
(5) Pinatel, Jean. Op. p. 169.
(6) Lombroso, Cesare. Theory of the born criminal. 1899. p. 252.
(7) Pinatel, Jean. Op. p. 169.
(8) Parmelee, Maurice. Criminology. Madrid. Editorial Reus SA 1925. p. 126.
(9) Mimbela DE LOS SANTOS, Eduardo. Criminology. UNMSM. Lima. 1988. p. 164.
(10) HURWITZ, Stephan. Criminology. Barcelona. Ediciones Ariel. 1956. 186-191.
(11) STATEMENT publications appearing in the leading newspapers of 11.29.1996.
(12) MC QUAIL, Dennis. Influences and effects of mass media. Fondo de Cultura Economica. Mexico. 1981. p. 87.
(13) DE FLEUR, Melvin. Theory of Mass Communication. Polity Press. Buenos Aires. 1975. p. 180.
(14) AA.VV. Psychology. Princeton University. Fourth edition. Prentice-Hall Hispano SA Mexico 1990. p. 763.
(15) ESPINOZA Solis, Alejandro. Criminology. Contemporary landscape. Lima. Book Publishers and Distributors EDDILIS.A. 1986. p. 136 et seq.
(16) MC QUAIL, Dennis. Sociology of mass media. Paris. Gram Editions Mont SA 1973. p. 111. HISTORY