(Posted in Law No. 314 of August 3, 2010)
Francisco José
OF SOLAR RED
Lawyer PUCP and U. Central de Venezuela (UCV)
Professor of Law at the UIGV
Ex-secretary general of the Latin American Integration (OILAM), Caracas. Venezuela.
Yesterday, 2 August, turned 21 years after the death of the illustrious patrician Peruvian permanent light of Latin American integration, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (Trujillo 22-02-1895-Lima 08/02/1979) . Exceptional and exemplary politician, brilliant jurist -But no lawyer, legislator illustrious national and continental, humanist, philosopher and economist deeply concerned about giving "bread and freedom, welfare and labor to all Peruvians, mainly the poor, and committed social activist, and legal just causes of the Indian, the peasant, the worker and the worker in general. LIFE
Victor Raul was born February 22, 1895, in Trujillo. Edmund was the son of Raúl Haya and Zoila Cardenas and Victoria de la Torre and Cardenas. His parents were cousins, why parents of young people opposed to their affair. Both families were close relationship with the two vice-presidents of the republic. One, the first vice-president, a distinguished lawyer Pedro del Solar Gaváz Alexandria and his wife María del Rosario Cárdenas and Carrillo. Another, the second vice president, general Justinian Borgoño Castañeda.
Through the good offices of marriage and Cardenas Del Solar, who traveled specially from Lima to Trujillo, the engagement was accepted. Raúl Edmundo and Zoila Victoria married on 28/04/1894. Nearly 10 months after Víctor Raúl was born. The first name of the mother and the second by the father. Aunt Rosario Carrillo Cardenas and was the sister and cousin that would be maternal and paternal grandmother of Victor Raúl.
The deep love of the young couple's family grew rapidly. The following year saw the light of José Agustín - "spoon" for the family. Subsequently, continued Zoila, Lucy and Edmund, the youngest of all, whom they called "pine". (1) communication, understanding, tolerance and identification, strengthened the ties of the Haya de la Torre. They were a beautiful and happy family that is characterized not only by the love between them but for their commitment and human and social sensitivity to others. Víctor Raúl
studied at the Seminary of San Carlos and San Marco by French Vincentian priests. From a young age was noted for his generosity and greatness of spirit. Gathered his brothers and barium boys he taught them and taught them to solve the tasks, giving them precise guidelines to succeed in school and organized activities are puppets, drama, sports and excursions.
In 1915, Hague entered to study Literature at the Universidad Nacional de Trujillo (A T), and with the same dedication, kindness, honesty and fraternity participated actively in the intellectual group of Trujillo, also known as "Bohemia Trujillana" or simply "North Group." Víctor Raúl addition, it formed, among others, Macedonio de la Torre, César Abraham Vallejo Mendoza, Jose Eulogio Garrido, Alcides Spelucín, Juan Espejo Asturrizaga, Julio Gálvez Orrego, Carlos Manuel Cox, Cucho Haya de la Torre, Daniel Hoyle, Fred Esquerre, Manuel Vásquez Díaz and Antenor Orrego-the largest of the group, who was editor of the newspaper La Reforma, owned by Victor Larco Herrera, and was the genius who discovered the young Vallejo, published in 1914, his first poems. (2)
worth remembering, on this occasion, the deep friendship between Victor and Cesar Raul Abraham. This was three years older than that. Felipe Cossio del Pomar, Haya biographer, says that both young Victor studied together and defended Caesar against other students who taunted the young poet, who insulted a cholo Indian huachafo and petulant. More than once, even to the point of reaching the shock with which the poet "no sympathy" because of his physical weakness, but was forced to participate in some fights.
At a banquet given to Victor Raul, after a political victory and boxing, Vallejo asked to speak and said: "I offer my cup poet this condor chick ... I prophet announced that fly very high, and will be great , great, great ... "Undoubtedly, the was sincere and mutual affection. In this context, Haya wrote the comedy Triumph of vanity in defense of Vallejo, who was maligned and underestimated by the "high class Trujillo, given that repudiated both his poems as his emaciated Indian face marked with thick hair. The work was intended to teach a lesson "that kind" and was successfully presented by the Company recognized Amalia de Isaura, theater Ideal, of Trujillo, in 1916.
BEEN IN LIMA
Víctor Raúl Trujillo was elected delegate to the Federation of Students of Peru, whose headquarters was in Lima, so it had to come to the capital in 1917. He received his Luis Varela Orbegoso uncle, who, in turn, he enrolled at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (San Marcos) to continue his law studies. He began working in 1918 at the prestigious firm of lawyer Eleodoro Romero Salcedo (Lambayeque Lima 1855-1931), cousin of the then ex-President Augusto Bernardino Leguía and Salcedo, in the period 1908-1912. He remained there until 1921, near the San Marcos professor Chairholder Peruvian History of Law and former Dean of the College of Lawyers of Lima, 1916-1917. The firm was located across the street from the Raffle 332, where he also practiced attorney, recently graduated, Alfonso Loredo Benavides (Lima 1893-1939). Years later, this would be the criminal who defended Leguía at the end of authoritarian Oncenio "(1919-1930), in the trial that opened the dictatorship of Commander Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro (3).
Hague in San Marcos met and engaged friendship with Professor José Gálvez Barrenechea (Tarma, Junín 1885-Lima 1957) and his fellow students Raúl Porras Barrenechea (Pisco, Ica 1897-Lima 1960), Luis Alberto Sanchez (Lima 1900-1994), Jorge Basadre Grohmann (Tacna 1903-Lima 1980), Manuel G. Hurtado supplies (Moquegua 1893-Lima 1983), Hernando de Lavalle y García (1899-1967 Lima), Guillermo del Solar Ureta (Lima 1898-1960) Jorge Guillermo Leguía Iturregui, Vegas Ricardo García, Guillermo Luna Cartland, Moreyra and Carlos Paz Soldan, Elías Emilio del Solar, Pablo Abril de Vivero, José Luis Llosa Belaunde and Jose Quesada Larra, among others. With some of them formed the "University Discussion," and made up the age group known as "La Reforma." Víctor Raúl
agencies began their own resources and rejected the recommendation of his mother to live with a close family . He had several very wealthy and prominent politicians, however, found a modest pension for students (Stone Street 337). However, the visited spoke with them and asked about the role they had to play in national politics. Among others, for example, ate on Monday with his only aunt Rosario Cárdenas and Carrillo, widow of Peter Alexandrinus Gaváz Solar (Lima 1829-1909). On Tuesday it was in the house of his uncle, lawyer and senator, Amador Cardenas Felipe del Solar uncles' son-(Lima 1863-1926). Always accompanied the Chilean millionaire uncle Marcial Acharán-husband of his aunt Ana Lucia de la Torre Cardenas, sister of his mother, who was widowed in 1910. Nevertheless, he maintained a special fondness for his nephews, especially Victor and Augustine ("spoon"). We characterized a great social sensitivity and made a substantial donation "to the young workers in Trujillo, creating with his own money a school of arts and crafts. It was 1918 and Hague
his second year of law. Academic gatherings organized with the participation of workers and this had the support of his cousins, fellow students and friends. Among others, Benjamin Morales del Solar (Lima 1878-1955), who was the son of famous attorney and political Lima Arequipa Manuel Morales (former Minister of State in the third administration of General Ramón Castilla and Marquis) and Jesus Solar Gaváz (sister of Peter of Alexandria) - husband, since 1904, which was the child prodigy pianist, Rosa Mercedes Ayarza Morales. Home that is visited, and later attended the gatherings of musicians, poetry, politics and law that marriage offered, with the formal auspices of the "Poet of Youth", a lawyer and university professor and Gálvez Barrenechea, Amparo spouse Ayarza since 1913, first cousin of Rosa Mercedes (4).
Also, the Solar-child Ureta Daniel Ureta de la Jara and Maria Rosa Cárdenas del Solar, daughter of Peter of Alexandria and uncles Rosario Solar-grandson Elijah the prominent lawyer Emilio Agustin del Solar and Mendiburu (Arequipa 1835-Lima 1909), former dean of the Faculty of Law and founder of Chosica UNMSM. (5) Mariano Prado Heudebert-son of the renowned lawyer and Ugarteche Mariano Ignacio Prado (Lima 1870 - 1946), former dean of the Faculty of Law, San Marcos., etc.
in 1918, has traveled to Cusco and served as secretary of the prefecture, for six months. Long enough to know and live firsthand the hunger and misery of the Indian. This painful experience will chisel the heart and soul, which he reinforced his fighting spirit to achieve greater and greater social justice for all poor and oppressed people of Peru. Knew that in his condition college student and delegate of the federation could raise their voices in protest and claim rights to those dispossessed and forgotten of God. His first challenge was to persuade about 500 thousand university students who formed the Federation flagship. A mid-year, Vallejo received in Lima, and introduced him to his group of friends who join him with genuine affection. Similarly, it took him to the great writer Manuel Prada González-Ulloa, who died shortly after (Lima 1844-22-07-1918).
then, Hague was fully identified by González-Prada, for its frank and open spirit of activism in favor of the Indians, the poor and the provinces, and having no effective response from governments embraced and promoted anarchy in the country. Víctor Raúl was a rebel, an iconoclast and demanding critic of reality, the system of education and their teachers. This, thanks to its rich intellectual and cultural product of his profound studies in the seminary and its permanent trujillano reading habit. As he read the classics, was up to date with scientific and social works of the period. He had great respect for their teachers, lawyers Alejandro Deustua Escarza (Huancayo 1849-Lima 1945), Javier Prado y Ugarteche (Lima 1871-1921) and Manuel Vicente Villarán Godoy (Lima 1873-1958). Combined with Master unique philosophy, economics, history, law and literature.
TEXTILE STRIKE OF
On 12/23/1918, the workers of the textile factory "El Inca" went on strike, demanding the maximum workday of eight hours and a salary increase of 25 percent. The struggle for the workday had begun several years ago. But the stubborn governments had remained indifferent to the claims. Consequently, there were conscientious work and fighting spirit of social class. Only needed a leader that would group these wills and leads to success through dialogue and consultation reasoned and fair. Undoubtedly, this was Víctor Raúl, and the historic opportunity presented and put on the road.
The president of the Federation of Students of Peru (FEP) was awarded to Hernando de Lavalle y García-eminent son of the supreme vocal José Antonio de Lavalle and Brown (1858-Barranco Lima 1918) and Rosalia Garcia (Vid. Law No. 186, of 19.02.2008). Beech seconded the motion to support the textile workers, the same as was adopted by absolute majority. Since then, both student leaders forged a close and sincere friendship that lasted until the death of Hernando. In this context, the workers gathered at the local comprehensive student Palace Exhibition. Víctor Raúl set a fundamental objective: to achieve the eight-hour day and leave for another occasion the rise of wages. Said then: "What matters is this historic achievement for which much blood has flowed working in the world. Mean working fewer hours, automatically, more wages, if they do not change. " And this was agreed unanimously.
eight-hour day
After hard and difficult negotiations, the government agreed. Supreme Decree of January 15, 1919, granted and approved the daily maximum of eight hours. Development Minister, lawyer Arequipa Manuel R. Vinelli, carried out the direct relationship with Haya and union leaders. He acknowledged the courage and bravery of Victor Raul, had taken the decision to proceed to the end with the strikers, "die with the workers." (6)
With this political success, ad-slides-a bit more than a month turned 24, began serving Vallejo prescient admonition: the "pigeon Condor began to fly high and go far. There is no doubt who was the first really significant victory for Peruvian workers. Also, the heart of the town grew, in fact, the first face Single manual and intellectual workers from Peru, I dream that killed the teacher González-Prada.
In 1922, the eminent jurist José Matías Manzanilla Barrientos (1867-Ica, Lima 1947), offered his chambers to Victor Raul to practice, given the concern that Hague had youth labor law and administrative, which were full San Marcos master domain. The sharpness of the bright student led him to understand quickly that this was not the driver that he needed, and defending the interests of the rich.
THE PERUVIAN SOLON
Undoubtedly, from 01/15/1919, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre became the principal leader of the college and the working class. Never sought confrontation with the capital and investment, promoted it the dialogue, consultation and the utmost consideration and respect for the worker, requiring the claim to the rights of Indian and peasant communities. As this was included in the candidate's political project Augusto B. Leguia, who wanted to be president for a second time, Haya, students, workers, middle class and intellectuals gave their massive support for the period 1919-1923.
Indeed, the political project was aimed Leguia to create a "New Nation", with a strong social demand character in keeping with the global context marked by the agrarian revolution of 1910 and its modern Constitution of Querétaro, 1917, the end of the First World War (1914-1918) and the triumph of the Russian Revolution (1918). That was how the Peruvians had the new constitution of 1920 which was primarily social and left behind the old name of liberal or conservative. Better yet was the beginning of the "social constitutionalism," as noted by the young lawyer Mario Rabanal Gonzalo Chavez (7).
In this vein, Haya wanted to contribute to the construction of a new Peruvian republic overcoming problems and trauma since the conquest, viceroyalty and Republican era steeped in rampant militarism. It was not looking back but forward, seeking the integration of the American people, looking for the negotiation and fair treatment to foreign investment, where relationships are deeply humanistic work, which has primacy of the welfare and happiness and security that peace between peoples and men, with clear rules of regionalization and planning to ensure and strengthen the growth and development of all citizens by protecting the poorest, mainly the Indian and peasant, who require education and inclusion, etc.
however, was not allowed. He was deported in 1924. He returned in 1930 for a sweet crowd. He founded the APRA party (PAP). Commander Sanchez stole the presidency in 1931 and failed to respect the rights of the 23 representatives to the Constituent Congress APRA, to which submitted to the illegitimate and illegal "Emergency Security Law of the Republic" (January 1932). It began a year of suffering and blood. "The year of barbarism" in their titles it work exhausted journalist Guillermo Thorndike. (8) He was arrested on 06/05/1932. The town was rising up until July 7 of that year, his fans in his hometown, on its own initiative, took the O'Donovan headquarters. The massive armed retaliation was swift. Bombardment of the warplanes resistance ended on 10. At dawn the next, the army occupied the city while shots were still some walls. The 12 began the grim parade of the roughly 2 000 convicts brought to the ruins of Chan-Chan for his execution. The 27 military began the triumphant celebration of national holidays in the aristocratic "Central Club."
Hague would be condemned, but the intellectuals who love freedom and democracy raised their voices of protest (Romain Rolland, Albert Einstein, Gabriela Mistral, Bertrand Russell, Bernard Shaw, Mahatma Gandhi, Jose Ortega y Gasset, Miguel de Unamuno, Gregorio Marañón, Ricardo Rojas, Pablo Neruda, Alberto Lleras Camargo, Germain Arciniegas, Jorge Eliecer Gaitan, Diego Rivera, among others) demanded his release. It's just got the 08/09/1933, in enacting the new government of General Oscar Raymundo Benavides Larrea, the amnesty law promoted by Prime Minister Jorge Prado y Ugarteche. On 30 August the same year, the commander Sanchez, a general, was killed and this tyrannicide the dictatorship ended. Víctor Raúl
was reunited with his people in a massive rally on 12/11/1933. December 18 was in Trujillo. But this spring democratic would end on 05/01/1934. The new prime minister, lawyer and historian José de la Riva Agüero y Osma (Lima 1885-1944), was suspicious of the APRA and closed any possibility of contact between Benavides and Hague. Elections were called, but they were postponed four times in a row. The fear was that the APRA triumph. So, Haya and APRA were placed outside the law. Saved from being captured on 24.11.1934, when the openly dictatorial regime ordered the arrest and imprisonment of all APRA leaders. From that day until 15/05/1945, Víctor Raúl and many companions lived hand to mouth in the underground. It was the longest period remaining in the "catacombs."
However, the government called elections in 1936. Promoted their candidate, Jorge Prado y Ugarteche, and the couple, condemned the APRA party to be a Latin American integration, as in his "Maximum Program" aimed at "economic and political unity of Latin America", declaring it illegal to 7 - 09-1936. A second candidate was sanchecerrista Luis A. Flores, and a third, the college professor and constitutional conspicuous Manuel Vicente Villarán Godoy, representing the musty civility. Two weeks before the election was entered fourth candidate with the support of a new party called Social Democratic, the lawyer Luis Antonio Eguiguren Escudero (Piura 1887-Lima 1967), which undoubtedly had the support of APRA. Well, was the winner of the contest, and desperately Benavides annulled the election and set to continue in power until 1939. The rest is history
policy known until, in 1978, first in the annals Republicans popular sovereignty was respected, and people freely and transparently elected Victor Raul as a member of the Constituent Assembly, convened by the military government under the leadership of General Francisco Morales-Bermúdez Cerruti. As Hague was the one who achieved the highest vote accounted for exercising the presidency and seek the consensus of the 100 constituencies managed to develop the best Constitution that Peru has had to date. Their high ideals of a modern, democratic state in it are enshrined. As the ruler and eupátrida Athens, Solon (640-559 BC), Haya died convinced that this was "the best constitution that suited the people."
(1) FUND EDITORIAL VR Haya de la Torre. Haya de la Torre: an exemplary life and exemplary. Biography and iconography. Lima. 1989. p. 10 et seq.
(2) DEL SOLAR, José Francisco. "Criminal trial against César Vallejo Mendoza" in Law No. 189 of 11.03.2008.
(3) ---------------------------------------------- . "Leguía criminal trial," in Law No. 223 of 04.11.2008 / "Apostille on Leguía criminal trial," in Law No. 264 of 18.08.2009.
(4) ---------------------------------------------- "Right, music, poetry and politics", in Law No. 180 of 08.01.2008.
(5) MENDOZA DEL SOLAR, Lourdes. "Lawyers today and yesterday: Emilio Agustin del Solar and Mendiburu, founder of Chosica lawyer Arequipa," in Law No. 170 of 10.30.2007.
(6) DEL SOLAR, José Francisco. "In honor of May 1: Haya de la Torre, manager of the working day of eight hours in Peru" in Law No. 144 of 01.05.2007.
(7) CHAVEZ Rabanal, Mario Gonzalo. "Social constitutionalism in the Peruvian legal system," in Law No. 306 of 8-06-2010.THORNDIKE, William, The year of barbarity. Editorial Nueva América. Lima. 1968.
0 comments:
Post a Comment